Sattelites Constellations, Electric Flights, Electric Cars & Lithium

URL of the actual page: https://www.cnbc.com/2019/07/26/electric-car-production-rises-supply-crunch-for-battery-metals-looms.html
Title of the Page: As electric vehicle production ramps up worldwide, a supply crunch for battery materials is looming
Editor, Date: CNBC, JUL 26 2019
Description of the Page :

- As car manufacturers ramp up production of electric cars, metals used to make the vehicles’ batteries may face a supply crunch by the mid-2020s, according to a Wood Mackenzie report released Wednesday.

- Lithium, cobalt, and nickel supplies are expected to be worst hit.

As car manufacturers ramp up production of electric cars, the metals used to make the vehicles’ batteries may face a supply crunch in the next few years, according to a new report.

Lithium, cobalt, and nickel supplies are expected to be worst hit, the Wednesday report from energy consulting and research firm Wood Mackenzie. That’s as analysts predict a boom in electric vehicle use over the next three decades, but cite limited new metal production.

For now, supplies of those three metals are enough to meet demand, according to Gavin Montgomery, research director at Wood Mackenzie. But short-term market prices of those metals have fallen, and that will deter producers from increasing supply to meet future demand, he added.

URL of the actual page: https://twitter.com/herodote63/status/1154726523330617344?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw
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Editor, Date: Herodote63, 26 juil. 2019
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URL of the actual page: http://www.esa.int/esapub/br/br202/br202.pdf
Title of the Page: Sattelite Power Systels: Solar Energy Used in Space
Editor, Date: ESA Technology Programmes
Description of the Page :

INTRODUCTION
The success of a space mission is always linked to the performance of technology. To have a technology ready when a satellite flies, research and development must start years in advance. This is the objective of the Technology Programmes of
the European Space Agency: to ensure effective preparation for European space activities.


Solar cells are a good example of space technology. 
This brochure gives you many examples of how they work on a spacecraft, and what challenges they must overcome.

I hope it will let you share the enthusiasm of the engineers who wrote the stories. Above all, I hope it will help you to appreciate the efforts of all those European engineers who work behind the scenes on space projects, not only in the area of solar cells, but also in many other fields. Without their hard work, Europe’s success in space would not have been possible.

URL of the actual page: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1704.08910.pdf
Title of the Page: Energy-Efficient Low-Power Circuit Techniques for Wireless Energy and Data Transfer in IoT Sensor Nodes
Editor, Date: arXiv:1704.08910 2018
Description of the Page :

In this paper, we present techniques and examples
to reduce power consumption and increase energy efficiency of autonomous Wireless Sensor Nodes - WSNs - for the Internet of Things.

We focus on the RF Energy Harvester - RFEH -,
the data receiver and the transmitter, all of which have a large impact on the device cost, lifetime and functionality. Codesign of the antenna and the electronics is explored to boost the power conversion efficiency of the RF-DC converter.

As a proof of principle, a charge pump rectifier is designed, and its measurement results are presented. To boost the rectifier output voltage, a DC-DC converter that employs maximum power point
tracking has been designed.

A prototype circuit is also presented that can accommodate an input power level range of 1 microW to 1 mW and offers peak efficiencies of 76.3 percent and 82 percent at 1 microW and 1 mW, respectively. The co-design principle is also used at the receiver side where the antenna-electronics interface is optimized.


It is shown how this technique allows improving the noise figure of the Low Noise Amplifier - LNA - without sacrificing power consumption. As a low power alternative to narrow-band wireless transmission, sub-GHz ultra-wideband is proposed.

As a proof of principle, the design of a novel low-power sub-GHz Ultra-WideBandwidth - UWB - transmitter which consumes only 0.28 mW is presented. Its working principle is verified by means of circuit simulations and measurements. The low power nature of the transmitter and receiver principles, combined with the power efficient RF-DC converter paves the way towards continuous operation of a WSN.

Index Terms:
Co-design of antenna and electronics, DC-DC converter, energy harvesting, Internet of Things, rectifier, UWB transmitter, wireless sensor nodes.

URL of the actual page: https://www.statista.com/statistics/309562/lithium-ion-battery-use-in-consumer-electronics/
Title of the Page: Projected market for lithium-ion batteries used in consumer electronics from 2015 to 2025, by key application
Editor, Date: staStatista Research Department, Jul 20, 2016
Description of the Page :

This statistic displays the estimated consumer electronics lithium-ion battery market between 2015 and 2025. It is estimated that this market will reach 54 gigawatt hours by 2025. The use of lithium-ion batteries in consumer electronics such as mobile phones and tablets is expected to increase as market for these products.

URL of the actual page: https://twitter.com/herodote63/status/1154726847369924608?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw
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Editor, Date: Herodote63, 26 juil. 2019
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URL of the actual page: https://twitter.com/herodote63/status/1154726523330617344
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Editor, Date: Herodote63, 26 juil. 2019
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URL of the actual page: https://www.statista.com/statistics/452006/global-consumption-of-lithium-by-battery-and-nonbattery-use/
Title of the Page: Global consumption of lithium from 2008 to 2016, by battery and non-battery use 2008-2016
Editor, Date: Statista , Sep 3, 2018
Description of the Page :

This statistic depicts the consumption of lithium worldwide from 2008 to 2016, by battery and non-battery use. In 2016, the consumption of lithium for batteries reached 77,821 metric tons of lithium carbonate equivalent. Increases in battery demand will be a strong driver of lithium consumption in the near future, however producers are currently limited in their ability to match demands.

URL of the actual page: https://www.cnbc.com/2019/06/28/paris-air-show-era-of-electric-flight-is-closer-than-you-think.html
Title of the Page: The era of electric flight is closer than you think
Editor, Date: CNBC, JUN 28 2019
Description of the Page :

- EasyJet is working with American start-up Wright Electric to build electric planes for regular services that fly distances of less than 300 miles.

- The fuel bill for the global airline industry last year was estimated to have totaled 180 billion Dollar. In 2019, the fuel bill is forecast to rise to 206 billion Dollar, accounting for 25 percent of airlines’ operating expenses.

- Electric planes would also have zero emissions, in an industry which produces around 2 percent of all human induced carbon dioxide emissions, along with less vibration and lower noise.

URL of the actual page: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle#Power_supply_and_platform
Title of the Page: Unmanned aerial vehicle: Power supply and platform
Editor, Date: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Description of the Page :

An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) or uncrewed aerial vehicle, commonly known as a drone, is an aircraft without a human pilot on board. UAVs are a component of an unmanned aircraft system (UAS), which include additionally a ground-based controller and a system of communications with the UAV. The flight of UAVs may operate under remote control by a human operator ― remotely-piloted aircraft (RPA) ― or with various degrees of autonomy, such as autopilot assistance, up to fully autonomous aircraft that does not allow human intervention.

Compared to crewed aircraft, UAVs were originally used for missions too "dull, dirty or dangerous" for humans. While drones originated mostly in military applications, their use is rapidly finding many more applications including aerial photography, product deliveries, agriculture, policing and surveillance, infrastructure inspections, science, smuggling, and drone racing.

URL of the actual page: https://www.cnbc.com/2019/07/22/fast-internet-via-satellites-is-the-next-big-thing-in-the-space-race.html?&qsearchterm=spacex%20sattelites
Title of the Page: Super-fast internet from satellites is the next big thing in the space race
Editor, Date: CNBC, JUL 22 2019
Description of the Page :

- As the global space race heats up, more and more satellites are set to be launched into orbit by various companies working in the sector, according to Adam Gilmour, CEO of Gilmour Space Technologies.

- While innovation in areas such as traditional satellites, government and military space applications is set to grow, UBS predicted the space economy will start to have major spillovers across other industries too.

- That includes high-speed broadband internet from space.As the global space race heats up, an increasing number of satellites is set to be launched into orbit by various companies working in the sector, according to the CEO of an Australia-based space start-up.

Much funding has gone into satellite activities that could benefit people on earth, and that includes new developments in areas such as satellite broadband internet, said Adam Gilmour from Gilmour Space Technologies.

URL of the actual page: https://twitter.com/herodote63/status/1154726847369924608
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Editor, Date: Herodote63, 26 juil. 2019
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URL of the actual page: https://twitter.com/herodote63/status/1154727339382775808?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw
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Editor, Date: Herodote63, 26 juil. 2019
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URL of the actual page: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_electric-vehicle-battery_manufacturers
Title of the Page: List of electric-vehicle-battery manufacturers
Editor, Date: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Description of the Page :

A list of Electric Vehicle Battery manufacturers is given, along with the type of battery.

URL of the actual page: https://www.cnbc.com/2019/07/15/morgan-stanley-amazon-project-kuiper-could-be-a-100-billion-business.html?&qsearchterm=amazon%20sattelites
Title of the Page: This new business from Amazon represents a ‘100 billion Dollar opportunity’
Editor, Date: CNBC, JUL 15 2019
Description of the Page :

- Amazon plans to launch Project Kuiper, a network of 3,236 small satellites to create an interconnected network that beams high-speed internet to anywhere on Earth.

- Morgan Stanley estimates Project Kuiper represents as much as a ”100 billion Dollar opportunity.”

- The firm’s estimate is based on its expectation that the space economy will grow to more than 1 trillion Dollar over the next 20 years.

Amazon is looking to expand its empire and Morgan Stanley believes Jeff Bezos’ ambitious satellite internet plan may become one of its most lucrative businesses.

Called Project Kuiper, Amazon aims to launch a network of 3,236 small satellites to create an interconnected network that beams high-speed internet to anywhere on Earth. While Amazon has yet to outline a timeline or cost for Project Kuiper, in a note on Monday to investors, Morgan Stanley analyst Adam Jonas highlighted the network’s potential.

Jonas said Project Kuiper represents as much as a ”100 billion Dollar opportunity,” marking it as a play in the consumer broadband sector of the space economy. Morgan Stanley’s estimate is based on its expectation that the space economy will grow to more than 1 trillion Dollar over the next 20 years. The firm’s comments came in a feature on Bezos’ space business Blue Origin, the latest in Morgan Stanley’s series on “space disruptor” companies.

URL of the actual page: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrically_powered_spacecraft_propulsion
Title of the Page: Electrically powered spacecraft propulsion
Editor, Date: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Description of the Page :

An electrically powered spacecraft propulsion system uses electrical, and possibly also magnetic fields, to change the velocity of a spacecraft. Most of these kinds of spacecraft propulsion systems work by electrically expelling propellant (reaction mass) at high speed.

Electric thrusters typically use much less propellant than chemical rockets because they have a higher exhaust speed (operate at a higher specific impulse) than chemical rockets. Due to limited electric power the thrust is much weaker compared to chemical rockets, but electric propulsion can provide thrust for a longer time.

Electric propulsion is now a mature and widely used technology on spacecraft. Russian satellites have used electric propulsion for decades. As of 2019, over 500 spacecraft operated throughout the Solar System use electric propulsion for station keeping, orbit raising, or primary propulsion. In the future, the most advanced electric thrusters may be able to impart a delta-v of 100 km/s, which is enough to take a spacecraft to the outer planets of the Solar System (with nuclear power), but is insufficient for interstellar travel. An electric rocket with an external power source (transmissible through laser on the photovoltaic panels) has a theoretical possibility for interstellar flight. However, electric propulsion is not a method suitable for launches from the Earth's surface, as the thrust for such systems is too weak.

URL of the actual page: https://www.cnbc.com/2019/07/18/nasa-chief-bridenstine-on-harvesting-rare-earth-metals-from-the-moon.html?&qsearchterm=nasa%20moon
Title of the Page: Harvesting rare-earth metals from the moon will happen this century, NASA chief says
Editor, Date: CNBC, JUL 18 2019
Description of the Page :

- NASA Administrator Jim Bridenstine explains that harvesting rare-earth metals from the surface of the moon is one example of how companies can profit from space exploration.

- “There could be tons and tons of platinum group metals on the moon, rare-earth metals, which are tremendously valuable on Earth,” Bridenstine tells CNBC’s “Squawk Alley” on Thursday.

- Getting these metals from the moon in the decades ahead is becoming realistic because of “the investments that the space community is making,” Bridenstine says.

On the 50th anniversary of the Apollo 11 mission to the moon, the leader of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration gave his predictions for the future of the space industry and how it could be a lucrative enterprise much sooner than most investors think.

NASA Administrator Jim Bridenstine said, for example, that harvesting rare-earth metals from the surface of the moon will be possible in “this century.”

“There could be tons and tons of platinum group metals on the moon, rare-earth metals, which are tremendously valuable on Earth,” Bridenstine told CNBC’s “Squawk Alley” on Thursday.

URL of the actual page: https://twitter.com/herodote63/status/1156125887785517056?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw
Title of the Page: Untitled
Editor, Date: Herodote63, 30 juil. 2019
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URL of the actual page: https://twitter.com/herodote63/status/1154727339382775808
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Editor, Date: Herodote63, 26 juil. 2019
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URL of the actual page: https://www.theguardian.com/science/2017/jun/16/life-on-mars-elon-musk-reveals-details-of-his-colonisation-vision
Title of the Page: Life on Mars: Elon Musk reveals details of his colonisation vision
Editor, Date: The Guardian, 16 Jun 2017
Description of the Page :

SpaceX entrepreneur outlines his plan to make humans a multi-planetary species, including an ‘intentionally fuzzy’ 10-year timeframe


As far as home planets go, the Earth ticks most of the boxes: oxygen, water, food and lovely views. But there are risks to be considered too. What if a nuclear war, an asteroid collision or a rogue AI sent it all up in smoke, blotting out our own fragile existence?

Luckily, Elon Musk is one step ahead and last year outlined his ambition to send humans to Mars as a “backup drive” for civilisation. Now, the billionaire entrepreneur has provided further details of his vision to make humans a multi-planetary species in a breezy paper, published in the appropriately-titled journal New Space.

The paper outlines early designs of the gigantic spacecraft, designed to carry 100 passengers, that he hopes to construct.

“The thrust level is enormous,” the paper states. “We are talking about a lift-off thrust of 13,000 tons, so it will be quite tectonic when it takes off.”

URL of the actual page: https://www.cnbc.com/2019/07/17/why-jeff-bezos-spends-billions-on-space-technology.html
Title of the Page: Jeff Bezos: I spend my billions on space because we’re destroying Earth
Editor, Date: CNBC, Make it, Jul 17 2019
Description of the Page :

Amazon boss Jeff Bezos is the richest person in the world with a current net worth of 125 billion Dollar, according to the Bloomberg Billionaire Index. And he’s investing much of his Amazon fortune in the development of space technologies through his aerospace company Blue Origin.

Why? “Because I think it’s important,” Bezos tells Norah O’Donnell of “CBS Evening News” in an interview which aired Tuesday. “I think it is important for this planet. I think it’s important for the dynamism of future generations. It is something I care deeply about. And it is something I have been thinking about all my life.”

Bezos — who says “you don’t choose your passions, your passions choose you” — became fascinated with space when he was a child watching astronauts Buzz Aldrin and Neil Armstrong land on the moon, he tells O’Donnell.

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Editor, Date: Herodote63, 30 juil. 2019
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URL of the actual page: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX#Launch_contracts
Title of the Page: SpaceX: Launch contracts
Editor, Date: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Description of the Page :

Space Exploration Technologies Corp. (SpaceX) is an American aerospace manufacturer and space transportation services company headquartered in Hawthorne, California. SpaceX was founded in 2002 by Elon Musk with the goal of reducing space transportation costs to enable the colonization of Mars. SpaceX manufactures the Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy launch vehicles, several rocket engines, Dragon cargo and crew spacecraft and Starlink communications satellites.

SpaceX's achievements include the first privately funded liquid-propellant rocket to reach orbit (Falcon 1 in 2008), the first private company to successfully launch, orbit, and recover a spacecraft (Dragon in 2010), the first private company to send a spacecraft to the International Space Station (Dragon in 2012), the first vertical take-off and vertical propulsive landing for an orbital rocket (Falcon 9 in 2015), the first reuse of an orbital rocket (Falcon 9 in 2017), and the first private company to send astronauts to orbit and to the International Space Station (SpaceX Crew Dragon Demo-2 in 2020). SpaceX has flown and reflown the Falcon 9 series of rockets over one hundred times.

SpaceX is developing a satellite megaconstellation named Starlink to provide commercial internet service. In January 2020 the Starlink constellation became the largest satellite constellation in the world. SpaceX is also developing Starship, a privately funded, fully reusable, super heavy-lift launch system for interplanetary spaceflight. Starship is intended to become the primary SpaceX orbital vehicle once operational, supplanting the existing Falcon 9, Falcon Heavy and Dragon fleet. Starship will be fully reusable and will have the highest payload capacity of any orbital rocket ever on its debut, scheduled for the early 2020s.

URL of the actual page: https://twitter.com/herodote63/status/1156152794417696768?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw
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Editor, Date: Herodote63, 30 juil. 2019
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